ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE OLD TESTAMENT

ARCHAEOL= OGY AND THE OLD TESTAMENT

Dr. Gregg Wilkerson

CHAPTERS

CHAPTER=	TOPIC	YEARS BP OR BC	FROM PAGE	TO PAGE=	PAGES THIS CHAPTER=
1	INTRODUCTION<= /o:p>	<= /span>	1	146	145
2	EDITORS AND CANON = OF THE OLD TESTAMENT	<= /span>	147	216	69
3	TEXTURAL CRITICISM=	<= /span>	217	253	36
4	SCRIPTS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT	<= /span>	254	371	117
5	EARLY JUDAISM=	<= /span>	372	441	69
6	SYNCRETISM IN ISRA= ELITE RELIGION	<= /span>	442	510	68
7	CREATION AND/OR EVOLUTION	145 Billion to 2 m= illion years BP	511	575	64
8	ADAM AND EVE AND O= THERS	5 million to 25,000 years BP	576	635	59
9	THE GREAT FLOOD AND TOWER OF BABEL	55000- 10000 BP	636	681	45
10	MESOPOTAMIA PALEST= INE AND EGYPT BEFORE THE PATRIARCHS	6000-2100 BC	682	912	230
11	THE PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES	2100-1804 BC<= /o:p>	913	1180	267
12	EBLA	2100-1804 BC<= /o:p>	1181	1224	43
13	THE EXODUS	1444-1404 or c 125= 0 BC	1225	1472	247
14	THE CONQUEST<= /o:p>	1404-1381 BC or 1250-1150 BC	1473	1690	217
15	THE JUDGES	1373 to 1043 BC or 1150-1043 BC	1691	2023	332
16	SAUL DAVID AND SOL= OMON OF THE GOLDEN AGE	1043-931 BC	2024	2270	246
17	THE PSALMS AND PRO= VERBS	1043-931 BC	2271	2307	36
18	EARLY DIVIDED KING= DOM	931-841 BC	2308	2548	240
19	LATE DIVIDED KINGD= OM	841-722 BC	2549	2730	181
20	JUDAH ALONE	722-586 BC	2731	3016	285
21	THE EXILE AND PERS= IAN PERIODS	586-350 BC	3017	3117	100

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

THE TRUTH TRIANGLE.. 3

THE UNIQUENESS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES. 3

CONSERVATIVE MAXIMALISTS AND LIBERAL MINIMALISTS. PAGEREF _Toc275788942 \h 4

FUNDAMENTALISTS AND HUMANISTIC LIBERALS. 4

ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODS. PAGEREF _Toc275788944 \h 5

Ph= oto Link: BA123 Bronze Age Pottery= .

Am= aryahu, servant of Hezekiah.

As= ayahu, servant of Hezekiah.

Az= aryahu (Asariah), servant of Hezekiah= .

Ba= alyasha (biblical Ba'alis)

Ba= rak, Amorite King.

Ba= ruch, Scibe of Jeremiah.

Do= mla, servant of Hezekiah.

Ge= maryahu, (Gemariah), Temple.

He= zekiah.

Na= than-Melech, servant of Josiah.

Se= riah, brother of Baruch.

To= bshalem, Commander of the Army [of Hezekiah?]

Ye= rahme’el, Antagonist of Jeremiah.

El= ephantine Bullea and Papyrus.

Se= als.

Ab= iah, servant of Uzziah.

Pe= kah.

Sh= ema, servant of Jeroboam II.

Ya= azenyahu (Jaazaniah), servant of Gedaliah.

Na= tural and Man-Caused Destruction Levels.

Ne= at rows of fallen columns.

Co= llapsed walls.

Sl= ipped Keystones.

Cr= ushed Skeletons.

Pa= ttern of Destruction.

Bo= tanical methods.

Ge= ophysical methods.

RELATIVE DATING AND COMPARATIVE STRATIGRAPHY.. 74

ABSOLUTE DATING.. PAGEREF _Toc275788988 \h 75

Ti= melines.

Li= terary methods.

Is= rael’s Festival Calender

Fi= rst Months.

Fi= rst Years.

Ov= erlapping Reigns.

Co= mparison to Assyrian and Babylonian Records.

As= syrian Kings in the Bible.

Co= mparison to Mari Records. 103=

Co= mparison to Egyptian Records. 104=

He= brew Kingships. 110=

Ju= dges. 111=

Mo= ses, the Exodus and Conquest 112=

Ea= rly Dates. 112=

La= te Dates. 113=

Ge= ochemical methods. 113=

Ca= rbon-14. 113=

Th= ermolulminescence Dating. 120=

Ur= anium Disequilibrium Dating. 122=

BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY.. PAGEREF _Toc275789008 \h 123

CHAPTER 2: EDITORS AND CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

MYTH TO HISTORY, AND HISTORY TO MYTH.. 148

EVIDENCE OF EDITING.. PAGEREF _Toc274426068 \h 148

THE DOCUMENTARY HYPOTHESIS. 153

Arguments for the Documentary Hypothesis. 154=

Parallel Accounts of the Same Ev= ent: Convergence. 154=

Linguistic Variations. 155=

Terminology. 155=

Consistent Content 156=

Connections with Other Parts of = the Bible. 159=

Sources’ Relationship to E= ach Other and to History. 159=

Arguments against the Documentary Hypothesis. 169=

Parallel Structure. 169=

Style variations. 170=

Theological Unity of the J/E/D/P documents. 171=

LOST TEXTS. 171

In the Torah. 171=

In the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) 172=

In Chronicles and Nehemiah. 172=

THE MINISTERIAL FEUD: PRIESTS VS. LEVITES. 173

EZRA/NEHEMIAH.. PAGEREF _Toc274426086 \h 174

EDITORS AND EDITORIAL SCHOOLS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 174

CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 175

Introduction. 175=

Tripartite Division of the Old Testament 176=

Numerical Symmetry of the Hebrew= Bible. 176=

22 or 24 Books?. 177=

The Canonization Sequence: Law t= hen Prophets then Writings. 178=

Preservation vs Canonization. 178=

Early Importance of Torah. 179=

Samaritan Pentateuch (cir 432 BC= ) 179=

Pre-Septuagint 179=

Septuagint 180=

20th Century Organization of the= Old Testament 180=

Apocrypha. 181=

Ecclesiasticus: Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach (circa = 170 BC) 182=

Prologue of Ecclesiasticus: (cir= 132 BC) 182=

1 and 2 Maccabees (125-70 BC) 182=

Old Testament Canon and the Dead= Sea Scrolls. 184=

History of Discovery. 184=

Archaeological Context of the De= ad Sea Scrolls and Qumran. 195=

Content of the Dead Sea Scrolls<= span style=3D'display:none;mso-hide:screen'>. 198=

The Old Testament Canon in New Testament times. 199

The First Jewish Revolt: 70 AD.. 200=

4 (2) Esdras. 200=

Flavius Josephus’ Contra Apionium (cir 100 AD) 200=

Councils of Jamina (90 and 118 A= D) 201=

Jewish Doubts About the Hebrew C= anon (2nd cent. AD) 201=

Sopherim: 500 BC to 500 AD.. 202=

Masorites: 500 AD to 1650 AD.. 202=

The Christian Church Canon of the Old Testament 204

Eastern or Oriental Church. 204=

Western or Occidental Church. 204=

Protestant Canon of the Old Test= ament 205=

CHAPTER 3: TEXTURAL CRITICISM

TRANSLATIONS OF HEBREW... 217

CONTEMPORARY WRITTEN RECORD O= F THE OLD TESTAMENT= . 218

COMPARATIVE TEXTS REVEAL ERRO= RS IN COPYING.. 218

EXAMPLE OF CHANGES MADE IN TE= XT BY SCRIBES. 219

Ish-bosheth. 219

Genesis 1:9 and 4QGen-k. 219

Exodus 1:3. 221

Deuteronomy 32:8. 221

Judges 6:6-11. 222

EXAMPLES OF SEPTUAGINT AND VU= LGATE TRANSLATIONS BEING BETTER THAN THE MASORETIC TEXT. 225

1 Samuel 14:41225

Book of Jeremiah. 225

EXAMPLE OF A VARIANT DEAD SEA= SCROLL READING LEADING TO A BAD TRANSLATION: 227

Isaiah 53:9. 227

EXAMPLES OF A RECENT TRANSLAT= ION "EMENDING" I.E. CHANGING THE TEXT. 227

1 Corinthians 14:22. 227

Genesis 3:16. 228

MULTIPLE VOCALIZATIONS. 229

CHANGE IN PRONUNCIATIONS. 229

RECOVERED PORTION OF BOOK OF = SAMUEL.. 230

MASORETIC TEXT. 235

ACROSTICS. 235

DATING OF TEXT BY TEXTURAL CR= ITICISM... 239

Amos. 240

Hosea. 240

David. 240

Hebrew suffix for “his”. PAGEREF _Toc275789571 \h 240

Documentary Hypothesis and Dating of Texts. PAGEREF _Toc275789572 \h 240

Yoqshan/Yoqtan. 241

2 Samuel 241

Exodus. 241

General Dating of Documentary Hypothesis Sources. 243

EVOLUTION OF GOD’S NAME= .. 243

CHAPTER 4: SCRIPTS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

ORIGIN OF WRITING.. 254

ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET. 261

MATERIALS. 270

EPIGRAPHY AND PALEOGRAPHY.. 271

TYPES OF SCRIPTS. 275

TYPES OF WRITING.. 276

Monumental Inscriptions276

Professional Writings. 276

Occasional Writings. 277

SCRIPTS OF MESOPOTAMIA.. 280

Cuneiform.. 280

Sumerian Language. 283

Sumerian Pictographs and Cuneiform.. 283

Babylonian Scribal Practices. 289

Hurrian Language. 292

SCRIPTS OF EGYPT. 294

Egyptian Sources. 294

Egyptian Language. 297

Egyptian Hieroglyphs. 298

Egyptian Demotic Script 301

SCRIPTS OF THE LEVANT. 302

Aramaic Language. 302

Aramaic Alphabetic Script 304

Canaanite Language. 306

Proto-Sinaitic (Canaanite) Alphabetic Script at Serabit el-Khadem.. 307

Proto-Sinaitic (Canaanite) Alphabetic Script at Wadi el-Hol 320

Early Canaanite script 322

Canaanite and North Semitic Alphabetic Script 324

Northwest Semitic Sources, 2000 to 550 BC.. PAGEREF _Toc275789770 \h 325

Neo-Philistine Script 327

Ugaritic Alphabetic Script 329

Hebrew Language. 330

Old-Hebrew Script 330

Paleo-Hebrew script 350

Ammonite script 352

Phoenician Script 355

Square Hebrew Aramaic Script 357

EARLY WEST SEMITIC SCRIBAL PR= ACTICES. 358

AEGEAN SCRIPTS. 362

DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE TH= ROUGH WRITING.. 365

CHAPTER 5: EARLY JUDAISM

EARLY NEAR EASTERN (WESTERN SEMITIC) RELIGION.. 372

EARLY ANTHROPOMORPHISM... 377

LATE ABSTRACT IDEAS ABOUT GOD= .. 377

ISRAELITE MONOTHEISM... 377

Yahweh the Warrior 378

Yahweh the Evil God379

PROHIBITION AGAINST IMAGES (Exodus 34:17, 20:4) 380

STANDING STONES, SACRED TREES= , ALTERS AND BURIAL SITES. 383

Standing Stones (masseboth) 383

Masseboth representing Diety: Male god. PAGEREF _Toc275789947 \h 387

Masseboth representing Diety: Fertility Triads. PAGEREF _Toc275789948 \h 388

Masseboth representing Diety: Paired Standing Stones. 390

Masseboth representing Ancestor Sprits: Grouped Standing Stones. 398

Masseboth representing Officials: Grouped Standing Stones. 401

Sites with Standing Stones or Sacred Trees. PAGEREF _Toc275789952 \h 407

Beersheba (Beer-Sheba)407

Theology of Masseboth420

CHERUBIM... 422

GIANTS. 428

RELIGION AND MORALITY.. 429

ISRAELITE AS A COVENANTED GRO= UP. 430

NAMES OF GOD.. 430

Theophoric Names. 433

WORSHIP PRACTICES. 434

Sacrifice. 434

CHAPTER 6: SYNCRETISM IN ISRAELITE REL= IGION

EARLY NEAR EASTERN (WESTERN SEMITIC) RELIGION.. 442

EARLY ANTHROPOMORPHISM... 447

LATE ABSTRACT IDEAS ABOUT GOD= .. 447

ISRAELITE MONOTHEISM... 447

Yahweh the Warrior 448

Yahweh the Evil God449

PROHIBITION AGAINST IMAGES (Exodus 34:17, 20:4) 450

STANDING STONES, SACRED TREES= , ALTERS AND BURIAL SITES. 453

Standing Stones (masseboth) 453

Masseboth representing Diety: Male god. PAGEREF _Toc275790257 \h 457

Masseboth representing Diety: Fertility Triads. PAGEREF _Toc275790258 \h 458

Masseboth representing Diety: Paired Standing Stones. 460

Masseboth representing Ancestor Sprits: Grouped Standing Stones. 468

Masseboth representing Officials: Grouped Standing Stones. 471

Sites with Standing Stones or Sacred Trees. PAGEREF _Toc275790262 \h 477

Beersheba (Beer-Sheba)477

Theology of Masseboth490

CHERUBIM... 492

GIANTS. 498

RELIGION AND MORALITY.. 499

ISRAELITE AS A COVENANTED GRO= UP. 500

NAMES OF GOD.. 500

Theophoric Names. 503

WORSHIP PRACTICES. 504

Sacrifice. 504

CHAPTER 7: CREATION AND/OR EVOLUTION

(14.5 Billion to 2 million years BP= )

YOUNG-EARTH CREATIONISM... 511

PROGRESSIVE CREATIONISM... 512

THEISTIC EVOLUTION.. 513

AGNOSTIC NATURALISM... 514

TWO CREATION STORIES (GENESIS= 1 AND 2) 514

Liberal Theory. 515

Conservative Theory. 515

EGYPTIAN CREATION TRADITIONS<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'>. 515

Ptah the Creator 515

Atum the Creator (southern Egypt) 517

Khepri the Creator God (southern Egypt) 524

Creation Myth of Northern Egypt 525

Comparison of Hebrew and Egyptian creation stories. 527

MESOPOTAMIAN CREATION TRADITI= ONS. 528

Sumerian Dilmun Story and the Fall 528

Atrahasis (Atra-Hasis) Epic (1630 BC) 530

Comparison of Atrahasis and Hebrew Epics. PAGEREF _Toc275790995 \h 535

Enuma Elish Creation Epic. 535

Creation of the firmament and earth. PAGEREF _Toc275790997 \h 547

Creation of Luminaries= . 549

Creation of Man. 551

The "Rest" after Creation. PAGEREF _Toc275791000 \h 551

Harab Myth. 554

Primordial Battles with the Sea and Sea Monsters. 556

The Rivers of Eden. 559

UNITY OF MESOPOTAMIAN CREATIO= N-FLOOD NARRATIVES. 564

PHOTO LINK: SUMERIAN KING LIST 001. Nippur list. (Web photo) 564

Comparison of Mesopotamian and Hebrew Creation Traditions. 565

Separation of Waters in Mesopotamian and Egyptian Traditions. 565

Conclusions. 566

CHAPTER 8: ADAM = AND EVE, AND OTHERS

(5 million to 25,000 years BP)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY576

Homo sapiens (sapiens, modern) 579

Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon) 30,000-32,000 BP, Western Europe. 579

Homo Florosiensis (18,000 BP) 583

Homo Neanderthalis (28,000-230,000 BP) 586

Homo sapiens (Archaic, 300,000 BP) 588

Homo erectus (300,000-1,800,000 BP) 589

Homo habilis (1.5 million to 2.4 million years BP) 593

Austalopithecines (1.1 million to 3.0 million years BP) 594

Australopithecus boisei (was Zinjanthropus boisei) 597

Australopithecus robustus. 598

Australopithecus aethiopicus. 598

Australopithecus garhi 599

Australopithecus africanus. 599

Australopithecus anamensis. 600

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.5 million years BP) 600

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6 million to 7 million years BP) 602

MITOCONDRIAL DNA STUDIES. 603

THE HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY BUSH.. 603

Ecological Preparation. 603

A Definition of “Human”. PAGEREF _Toc275791474 \h 604

Creation of Humans. 606

Image of God. 607

FROM HUNTING-GATHERING TO AGRICULTURALLY BASED SOCIETIES. PAGEREF _Toc275791477 \h 607

OLDEST CITIES. 612

ADAM AND ADAPA IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN TRADITIONS. 614

WHO BORROWED FROM WHOM?. 619

GENERATIONS OF GENESIS: THE C= OLOPHON.. 621

SUMMARY.. 629

CHAPTER 9: THE GREAT FLOOD AND TOWER OF BABEL

(55,000- 10,000 BP)=

YOUNG-EARTH CREATIONISM AND FLOOD GEOLOGY.. PAGEREF _Toc275791649 \h 636

OLD-EARTH CREATIONISM AND A L= OCAL FLOOD.. 637

Floods of Glacial Lake Missoula. 637

GEOLOGIC SETTING OF THE FLOOD= STORIES. 641

MESOPOTAMIAN FLOOD TRADITIONS= . 643

Gilgamesh Epic. 643

Atra-Hasis Epic. 650

Capital Punishment and the Atra-Hasis Epic. PAGEREF _Toc275791656 \h 656

Sumerian Ziusudra Deluge Story. 657

Writings of Babylonian Priest Berosus. PAGEREF _Toc275791658 \h 657

The Epic of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. 657

Assyrian Tradition for Confusion of Languages. PAGEREF _Toc275791660 \h 658

NIMROD.. 658

LONGEVITY OF THE PATRIARCHS A= ND THE SUMERIAN KING LIST. 661

TOWER OF BABEL.. 662

Building Materials. 669

Ziggurats: Gods in the image of men. 669

Dating the Tower of Babel 670

EVOLUTION OF SEMITIC LANGUAGE= .. 671

The Sumerian "Problem". PAGEREF _Toc275791668 \h 672

CHAPTER 10: MESOPOTAMIA, PALESTINE AND EGYPT BEFORE THE PATRIARCHS

(6,000-2,100 BC)

   MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHAEOLOGY BEFORE ABRAHAM... <= !--[if supportFields]> PAGEREF _Toc275791983 \h 682

Mesopotamian Geography. 682

Mesopotamian History. 690

Neolithic (c. 10,000-6000 BC) 691

Hassuna and Samarra Periods (5800-5000 BC)<= /i> 694

Halaf Period (5550-4500 BC, Hoerth or 5000-4100 BC, Aling) 695

Ubaid Period (5300-3750 BC) 702

Uruk Period (4100-3750 BC) 704

Protoliterate Period (3750-2900 BC, Hoerth, 3200-3100, Aling) 708

Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 BC) 712

Akkadian Empire (2334-2193 BC) 715

Guti Period (2193-2112 BC) 722

Ur III Dynasty (2112-2004 BC) 722

PALESTINIAN ARCHAEOLOGY BEFORE ABRAHAM... 725

Geography. 725

Jordan Valley. 727

Eastern Plateau. 737

Hill Country. 739

Negev. 741

Shephelah. 744

Coastal Plain. 744

Effects of Geography on History of Palestine. PAGEREF _Toc275792004 \h 746

PALISTINIAN HISTORY BEFORE AB= RAHAM... 746

Natufian Period (10,500-8500 BC) 746

Neolithic Period (8500-4300 BC) 747

Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) Period (4300-3300 BC) 750

Early Bronze Age (3300-2300 BC) 757

Early Bronze Age IV/Middle Bronze Age I (2300-2000 BC) 762

EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY BEFORE A= ND DURING THE TIME OF JOSEPH.. 767

Geography. 767

Neolithic Egypt (8000-5000 BC) 770

Chalcolithic Egypt (5000-3500 BC) 770

Gerzean or Naqada III Period (3500-3100 BC) 771

Dynasties of Egypt 772

Dynasties 1 and 2 (3100-2700 BC) 774

Dynasties 3 to 6: The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BC) 782

Dynasties 7 to 11: First Intermediate P= eriod (2200-2050 BC) 794

Dynasties 11-12: The Middle Kingdom (2050-1800 BC) 799

CHAPTER 11: THE PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVE= S

(= 2,100-1,804 BC)

DATA SOURCES. 913

Assyrian Cappadocia texts. 913

Mari Tablets. 914

Babylonian tablets. 920

Nuzi Tablets. 921

Elba Tablets. 926

Amarna Tablets. 930

Ugarit - Ras Shamrah Tablets. 931

Oatna Tablets. 935

Alalakh Tablets. 935

Boghazkoy Tablets. 936

Library of Ashurbanipal: Assyrian Tablets. PAGEREF _Toc275793474 \h 937

Nippur Tablets. 938

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE PAT= RIARCHAL NARRATIVES. 942

Slaves. 942

Treaties and Covenants= . 949

Hittite-Nuzi Covenants and the Patriarchs. PAGEREF _Toc275793479 \h 952

Ritual of Circumcision. 953

The Covenant with Abraham.. 960

Geo Political Conditions. 965

References to Egypt 967

Fortress of Abraham.. 968

Patriarchal Names. 974

Geographic Names. 974

Paleoclimatology of the Patriarchal Age. 976

Patriarchs and Cities. 976

HURRIANS AND THE PATRIARCHS. 983

ABRAHAM THE CARAVANEER (2165-1990 BC; MB1) 985

Politics and Social Structures of Mesopotamia in Abraham's Time. 991

Mesopotamian Religion in Abraham's Time. PAGEREF _Toc275793492 \h 996

Abraham’s Ur 1001

The Call of Abraham.. 1004

Abraham's Buisness Circuit: Haran, Damascus, Arabia, Bethel, Hebron. 1009

Abraham and Hebron (c. 2090 BC, MB1) 1010

Abraham and Shechem (c. 2090 BC, MB1) 1014

Abraham's Ai (c. 2090 BC, MB1) 1018

Abraham in the Negev and Kadesh-Shur Areas. PAGEREF _Toc275793499 \h 1021

Abraham's world and the Story of Sinuhe. PAGEREF _Toc275793500 \h 1023

Abraham and Sarah in Egypt (c. 2089 BC, MB1) 1024

Abraham and Beer-Sheba (c. 2079-2025 BC, MB1) 1032

ABRAHAM AND LOT (c. 2085 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 1036

Nine Kings and Five "Cities o= f the Plain" (c. 2085 BC) 1037

Geographic and Geologic Setting of the Dead Sea. PAGEREF _Toc275793505 \h 1042

Life in the Cities of the Plain. PAGEREF _Toc275793506 \h 1056

Abraham Rescues Lot (c. 2085 BC) 1056

ABRAHAM, HAGAR AND ISHMAEL   (2079 BC, EBIII or MB1) 1060

Hagar 1060

Ishmael 1062

SODOM AND GOMMORAH (c. 2066 BC, EBIII or MB1) 1063

Site Identifications For Cities of the Plain. 1064

City 1: Sodom =3D Bab edh-Dhra ^c 1067

City 2: Gomorrah =3D Numeira. 1080

City 3: Zoar?=3D Safi?. 1088

City 4: Admah?=3DFeifa. 1088

City 5: Zeboilm?=3DKhanazir 1088

Geology of Sodom and Gomorrah. 1089

The Clapp Theory The Clapp Theory. PAGEREF _Toc275793519 \h 1091

Destruction by Meteorite Shower 1094

Date of Destruction (c. 2070 BC) 1097

Time of Year for the Destruction (late Spring) 1097

LOT’S WIFE.. 1098

LOT AND HIS DAUGHTERS (c. 207= 0 BC) 1104

ABRAHAM AND ABIMELECH (c 2070= BC) 1108

TRANSMISSION OF THE ABRAHAM N= ARRATIVE (MB1) 1108

ISAAC (2060-1885 BC) 1109

Isaac, Abraham and Child Sacrifice (= c. 2050 BC, MB1)= 1109

Isaac and Rebekah (2025 BC, MB1) 1112

Isaac, Famine and Abimelech ( c. 2020 BC, MBI) 1112

Burial of Sarah and Abraham (c. 2028 and 1990 BC) 1112

JACOB AND ESAU (2005-1958 BC)= 1114

Esau and the Edomites (2005-??? BC= ) 1114

Esau loses his birthright to Jacob (c. 1985 BC) 1116

Jacob, Leah, Rachael and Esau (1920-= 1912 BC, MB1) 1116

Rachael's household gods and Jacob’s move to Shechem (1908 BC) 1116

Jacob and Shechem (1908 BC) 1120

Jacob, Earrings and Burial of Idols = (c. 1898 BC) 1124

Isaac's Blessing of Esau (1885 BC) 1128

Jacob in Egypt (c. 1875 BC) 1128

The Jacob Scarab (c. 1875 BC) 1129

JOSEPH (1914-1804 BC) 1130

Amenemhat II (1929-1895 BC, Ray 2004) 1130

Joseph and the Burial of Jacob (1858= BC) 1148

Joseph’s Retirement (c. 1820 BC) 1151

Burial of Joseph (c. 1804 BC) 1152

Joseph's Historicity. 1154

Joseph and Asiatics1161

Joseph, Famine and Climatic Change (1914-1804 BC) 1164

EGYPT AFTER JOSEPH.. 1169

Dynasties 13-17: The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1800-1570/1550). 1169

LATE EDITORIAL GLOSSES IN THE PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES. 1172

Genesis 11:31; "Ur of the Chaldeans.". 1172

Genesis 13:7; "The Canaanites and Perizzites dwelt in the land.". 1173

Genesis 21:32 and ,34; "Philistines". 1174

Genesis 12:16 and 24:10; “ten camels". 1175

CHAPTER 12: EBLA
EBLA.. 1181

THE EBLA TABLETS. 1185

Personal and Place Names. 1187

Ebla Creation Story. 1188

ARCHAEOLOGY OF EBLA.. 1188

EBLAITE SOCIETY.. 1194

ECONOMY OF EBLA.. 1194

LANGUAGE OF EBLA COMPARED TO = HEBREW... 1195

RELIGION AT EBLA.. 1195

Table of Divine Names. 1198

Eblaite Religion and the God of Israel (Ya, Yahweh) 1202

Eblaite Gods in relation to Israelite Theology and Poetry. 1203

EBLA AND THE PATRIARCHS. 1204

Nimrod. 1204

Adam and Eve. 1204

Keturah. 1204

CHAPTER 13: THE EXODUS=

(= 1444-1404 or c. 1250 BC)

CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPT. 1225

Turin Papyrus. 1225

Manetho, Egyptian priest, 3rd Cent, BC.. PAGEREF _Toc275794228 \h 1226

Palermo Stone. 1226

Cairo Stone. 1228

Important Egyptian Dates Relevant to the Exodus. 1228

CHARACTER OF THE EXODUS-CONQUEST. 1231

SCALE AND DURATION OF THE EXODUS. PAGEREF _Toc275794233 \h 1231

EGYPTIAN RECORDS AND THE CULT= URAL SETTING OF THE EXODUS. 1232

Semites in Egypt 1232

Neferti 1233

Papyrus Anastasi 6. 1233

Canaanite Burials in Egypt 1235

Beni Hassan Murals= . 1236

The Leiden Papyrus 348. 1239

Papyri Anastasi 1239

Papyri Anastasi 5. 1240

Elephantine Stele. 1241

Forced Agricultural Labor 1242

DATE OF THE EXODUS. 1244

Late Date: circa 1280 BC.. 1249

Early Date: circa 1450 BC.. 1252

MOSES AND PHARAOHS OF THE EXO= DUS. 1260

Amenhotep I (ca 1551-1524 BC) 1260

Hatshepsut and the birth of Moses. 1261

Moses’ Name. 1270

Moses and Sargon. 1272

Thutmose II, Thutmose III and Moses’ flight to Midian. 1273

Amenhotep II (1450-1423 BC) 1279

Amenhotep IIA (1450-1445/46 BC) 1283

Amenhotep IIB (1445/46-1423 BC) 1284

Amenhotop IIB and the Dream Stele of Thutmose IV (1423-1410 BC) 1287

Rameses II (1301-1234 BC) 1290

STORE CITIES OF PITHOM AND RA= MESES. 1291

Rameses (“Pi-Rameses”) (c. 1445-1444 BC) 1291

Qantir 1293

Tell el-Dab^ca. 1294

Pithom.. 1306

BRICK MAKING AND THE EXODUS. 1308

Rekhmire Tomb Paintings. 1308

PLAGUES AND MIRACLES OF THE E= XODUS. 1312

Naturalistic Explanations1313

Naturalistic Explanations: Thera Volcano. PAGEREF _Toc275794268 \h 1319

Theological Polemics (c. 1445 BC) 1326

Aaron’s Staff. 1326

First Plague: Bloody Nile. 1328

Second Plague: Frogs= . 1329

Third Plague: Lice1330

Fourth Plague: Flies= . 1330

Fifth Plague: Livestock Death. 1332

Sixth Plague: Boils= . 1336

Seventh Plague: Hail1339

Ninth Plague: Darkness. 1343

Tenth Plague: Death of the Firstborn. PAGEREF _Toc275794279 \h 1345

GOD HARDENED PHARAOH'S HEART<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'>. 1346

FOREIGNERS AS PART OF THE EXO= DUS (c. 1445-1444 BC) 1350

ROUTE OF THE EXODUS (c. 1445-1444 BC) 1350

Mount Sinai (c. 1444 BC) 1354

Location. 1354

Significance. 1358

Northern Route. 1359

Way of the Horus, Way of the Philistines. PAGEREF _Toc275794287 \h 1359

Central Route. 1363

Southern Route. 1367

Way of the Hill Country of the Amorites. PAGEREF _Toc275794290 \h 1371

ROUTE OF EXODUS AND EGYPTIAN = CITY (MAP) LISTS. 1373

Arabah to the Jordan= . 1377

Arabah - Plains of Moab Road. 1378

Hebron District 1379

Route through the Jezreel Valley. PAGEREF _Toc275794295 \h 1382

FROM RAMESES TO THE RED (REED= ) SEA.. 1385

Succoth. 1385

Linguistic analyis. 1385

Succoth to Migdol 1388

Egyptian Fortifications. 1388

Tjaru/Sile : Tell Hebua1390

Tell el-Borg. 1390

Etham.. 1391

Pi Hahiroth. 1391

Migdol 1392

Baal Zephon. 1393

THE RED (REED) SEA: AN 11th PLAGUE (c. 1445 BC) 1394

Theology of the Reed Sea. 1394

Location of the Reed Sea. 1396

Computer Simulations for Crossing of the Reed Sea (c. 1445 BC) 1400

Song of Moses (c. 1445 BC) 1400

QUAIL, WATER AND MANNA (c. 1445-1405 BC) 1401

Wilderness of Shur and Healing Waters of Marah. PAGEREF _Toc275794313 \h 1401

Elim and Wilderness of Sin. 1401

ATTACK OF AMELKITES AT REPHID= IM (c. 1445 BC) 1403

MOUNT SINAI, THE TEN COMMANDM= ENTS AND HITTITE TRADITIONS (c. 144= 4 BC) 1405

Two Versions of the Ten Commandments. PAGEREF _Toc275794317 \h 1412

AARON’S GOLDEN CALF (c. 1444 BC) 1413

THE TABERNACLE.. 1421

Wilderness of Sinai (c. 1444 BC) 1421

LEVITICUS (c. 1444 BC) 1428

The Jubilee. 1429

NUMBERS (c. 1444-1405 BC) 1438

EZION-GEBER (C. 1444 BC)1438

REBELLION AT KADESH-BARNEA: 38 YEARS OF “WANDERING” (c. 1444-1405 BC) <= /span>1441

EASTERN WILDERNESS (c.1405 BC) 1445

Edom.. 1445

King of Arad. 1448

Mount Hor 1449

Wilderness of Moab. 1452

BEGINNING OF THE CONQUEST: KI= NG SIHON OF THE AMORITES AND THEIR CAPITOL HESHBON&= nbsp; (c.1405 BC) 1453

Arnon River Gorge. 1453

OG OF BASHAN (c. 1405 BC) 1456

MOAB.. 1457

Curse of Prophet Balaam and seduction of Israelite men. 1458

The Census at Moab. 1460

The Moab Covenant= 1462

MOUNT NEBO (c. 1405 BC) 1463

NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS FOR MILLION-PERSON EXODUS (c. 1444 t= o 1405 BC) 1464

CHAPTER 14: THE CONQUEST

(= 1404-1381 BC, or 1250-1150 BC)

THE DATE OF THE CONQUEST. 1473

Post-Hyksos Invasion of Egypt 1473

Two Competing Theories. 1473

Early Date Theory. 1489

NATURE OF THE CONQUEST. 1504

Overview.. 1504

Traditional Military Overthrow.. 1510

Assimilation-Infiltration. 1511

Peasant Revolt 1513

‘Apiru and Hebrew.. 1516

Pottery. 1518

Four Room House. 1520

East of Jordan Theory. 1521

Pottery. 1521

Four Room House. 1521

Diet 1522

Linguistics. 1522

Immigration and Climate Cycles. 1523

Shahu. 1523

Synthesis Theory. 1526

POTTERY STYLES. 1527

CROSSING OF THE JORDAN.. 1529

JERICHO.. 1538

Garstang. 1544

Kenyon. 1548

Critique of Kenyon. 1553

Pottery. 1553

Full grain jars. 1554

Stratigraphy. 1556

Collapsed Wall 1556

Egyptian Scarabs. 1561

Critique of Wood. 1562

Wood’s answer to Bienkowski 1564

C-14 Dating of City IV.. 1565

Jericho Attack Rituals. 1566

AI. 1569

Et-Tell (Minimalist site for Ai) 1573

Beitin (Minimalist site for Bethel) 1574

El-Bireh (Maximalist site for Bethel) 1579

Khirbit Nisya (Maximalist site for Ai) 1579

Khirbit el-Maqatir (Maximalist alternative site for Ai) 1584

Typographical requirements for Biblical Ai: 1585

Archaeological requirements for Biblical Ai: 1587

Miscellaneous Finds at Kh. El-Maqatir 1595

MT EBAL AND JOSHUA'S ALTER.. 1598

MT GERIZIM, MT EBAL, AND SHEC= HEM... 1603

The Shechem covenants (c.1404 and 1390? BC) 1608

Joseph’s Second Burial and Shechem (1404 BC) 1611

THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN (1404 BC) 1612

Treaty with the Gibeonites. 1614

Long day of Joshua= . 1621

Libna and Lachish. 1621

Gezer 1625

Eglon and Hebron. 1629

Debir 1632

THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGN.. 1635

Battle of Merom.. 1636

Hazor 1636

Hivites and Anakim.. 1654

DEFEAT OF THE KINGS OF CANAAN= .. 1656

DIVISION OF THE LAND (c. 1398= BC) 1658

Unoccupied territories and cities. 1659

Megiddo. 1662

Tribal Allotments. 1664

City of Salt 1669

CITIES OF REFUGE AND CITIES O= F THE PRIESTS. 1669

ALTER OF WITNESS AT THE JORDAN.. 1672

JOSHUA’S FAREWELL EXHOR= ATION.. 1676

Second Shechem covenant 1676

CHAPTER 15: THE JUDGES=

(= 1373 to 1043 BC or 1150-1043 BC)

CHRONOLOGY.. 1691

The number 40. 1692

NAMES IN JUDGES. 1693

Deborah. 1693

Barak. 1693

Avinoam.. 1694

Heber 1695

Yael 1695

Shamgar 1696

Sisera. 1696

Theophoric names. 1696

CASUALTY REPORTS. 1696

ISRAELITE OR CANAANITE?. 1699

Collar-Rimmed Jars. 1701

The Four-Room House. 1702

Four Room Burial Houses. 1713

Four Room House in Egypt during Iron Age I. 1715

SETTLEMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTE= RNS: 13th to 11th centuries BC.. 1722

Terrace Farming. 1723

Cisterns. 1724

Storage Silos. 1725

Settlement Administration. 1726

Reubenites and Tell al 'Umayri 1726

Manesseh (1750-1000 BC) 1732

Pharoah Amenhotep III (1410-1377 BC) 1747

Shiloh and the Philistines (circa 1400-1250 BC) 1747

ISRAEL UNDER THE ELDERS (1390= ?-1381 BC) 1751

Pharaoh Amehnotep III (1410-1377 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 1751

Judah-Simeon Alliance. 1752

Battle of Bezek (c. 1380 BC) 1752

Calib, Othneil and the Seige of Debir (1373-1334 BC) 1755

Failures Elsewhere. 1756

Rebuke at Bokim: Suspension of the Covenant 1758

Israelite apostasy and defeats by "Raiders". 1758

OPPRESION BY CUHSAN-RISHATHAI= M OF MESOPOTAMIA (1381-1373 BC) 1760

Pharoah Amenhotep III (1410-1377 BC) 1760

Tell el-Amarna tablets (1410 to 1358 BC) 1761

JUDGE OTHNIEL (1373-1334 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 1764

Pharoah Amenhotep V (Akhenaten) (1377-1358 BC) 1765

Dan (circa 1370 BC) 1766

The Benjamite Civil War (circa 1360? BC) 1774

Pharoah Tutankhamun (1358-1349 BC) 1776

Pharoah Ay (1349-1345 BC) 1779

OPPRESSION BY ELGON OF MOAB (1334-1316 BC) 1779

Pharoah Horemheb (1345-1318 BC) 1781

Moab. 1784

Moabite Religion. 1789

Khirbat al-Mudayan. 1792

Pharoah Rameses I (19th Dynasty started) 1799

Egyptian Temple at Jerusalem.. 1800

Pharoah Seti I. 1806

JUDGE EHUD (1316-1237 BC) 1808

Battle of the Fords of Moab (1316 BC= ) 1812

Pharoah Rameses II. 1813

Battle of Kadesh (1279 or 1273 BC) 1824

JUDGE SHAMGAR (1265?-1245? BC= ) 1835

OPPRESSION OF JABIN II OF HAZ= OR (1257-1237 BC) 1835

DEBORAH AND BARAK (1237-1198 = BC) 1836

Pharaoh Merenptah (1234-1222 BC) 1838

Merenptah Stele (circa 1230 BC) 1839

Merenptah Battle Reliefs at Karnak and the Merenptah Stele. 1839

Ashkelon. 1847

Gezer 1851

Yano’am.. 1855

Famine, Merenptah, and the Sea Peoples: End of the Late Bronze Age. 1869

Barak and Deborah at the Battles of Haro-sheth Ha-goyim and el-Ahwat (circa 1200 BC) 1870

el-Ahwat and the Shardana (Sheriden) Sea Peoples. 1877

Hazor in the Late Bronze Age IIB (c. 1220-1230 BC) 1886

Hazor in the Iron Age I (1200-1000 BC) 1888

Confusion in Egypt (1122-1195 BC) 1888

OPPRESSION BY MIDIANITES (199= 8-1191 BC) 1889

Pharoah Rameses III (20th Dynasty begins, 1195-1164 BC) 1889

JUDGE GIDEON (1191-1151 BC) 1890

Battle of the Hill of Moreh. 1891

Gideon after the Battle of the Hill of Moreh. 1895

CANAANITES, PHILISTINES AND T= HE “SEA PEOPLES”. 1897

Archaeological Setting of the Philistines and Sea People. 1897

Archeological Finds at Philistine Sites. 1900

Pottery. 1905

Architecture. 1910

Textiles. 1910

Biblical History of the Philistines. PAGEREF _Toc275794785 \h 1911

Sea Peoples Expelled by Egypt, Philistia re-enforced by them (circa 1190 BC.. 1915

Mycenaean Connection. 1916

Sovereignty. 1916

Land or Sea Invasion?. 1917

Effects of the Sea Peoples Invasion. PAGEREF _Toc275794790 \h 1922

The Philistines (or Israelites?) = at other Sites. 1923

Rameses III and the Sea Peoples (1175= BC) 1926

Tell el-Farah. 1931

Ekron. 1935

Dor 1939

Period of Egyptian Weakness, Rameses IV to Rameses XI, (1164-945 BC) 1948

JUDGE (AND WANT-TO-BE KING) A= BIMELECH (1151-1159 BC) 1948

Shechem (circa 1125 BC) 1948

Siege of Thebez. 1959

JUDGE TOLA AND JUDGE JAIR.. 1959

Book of Ruth. 1959

OPPRESSION BY AMMONITES. 1961

JUDGE JEPHTHAH (1087-1081 BC)= 1962

Abel-Keramim at Tell el-‘Umeiri 1962

The Ephriam-Gilead Civil War (c. 1087 BC) 1963

TRAVELS OF WEN-AMON (circa 10= 87-1081 BC) 1964

JUDGE IBZAN (1081-1075 BC) 1967

JUDGE ELON (1075-1065 BC) 1967

JUDGE ABDON (1065-1058 BC) 1967

OPPERSSION BY PHILISTINES. 1967

SAMSON (1069-1049 BC) 1967

Samson and the Danite Migration. 1970

Cave of Etam.. 1970

Samson and the House of Dagon. 1974

JUDGE SAMUEL.. 1977

Priest or Levite? Beginning of a Feud. PAGEREF _Toc275794816 \h 1978

Battle of Ebenezer (1047 BC) 1978

^cIsbet Sartah ostracon. 1980

Travels of the Ark after the Battle of Ebenezer (1047 BC) 1981

‘Opalim.. 1982

Beth Shemesh. 1984

Revival and Assembly at Mizpah (1069 BC) 1987

Battle of Mizpah-Beth Car (c 1069 BC) 1993

JUDGES JOEL AND ABIJAH.. 1993

KING SAUL (1043-1011 BC) 1996

Covenant of Kingship. 1997

Battle of Jabesh (1043 BC) 1998

Gilgal 2001

BAMOT OF THE CONQUEST-JUDGES = ERA.. 2004

CHAPTER 16: SAUL, DAVID, AND SOLOMON = OF THE GOLDEN AGE

(1043-931 BC)

CHARACTER OF HEBREW AND CANAANITE CIVILIZATION DURING THE EARLY UNITED MONARCHY.. 2024

MINI-EMPIRES DURING THE UNITED MONARCHY.. PAGEREF _Toc275794876 \h 2025

POTTERY SIGNATURES OF THE UNI= TED MONARCHY.. 2026

SAUL: (1043-1011 BC) 2027

Philistines and Iron: The Pym.. 2028

Ecstatic Dancing. 2029

The Ascension of King Saul (1043 BC) 2030

Skirmish at Geba (1043 BC) 2030

Battle of Micmash (1043 BC) 2030

Earthquake during the Battle of Micmash. PAGEREF _Toc275794884 \h 2032

Jonathan after Micmash= . 2034

Saul’s Good Years (1043-1015? BC) 2034

Battle of Telaim.. 2035

Saul rejected as king. 2035

Samuel anoints David as King. 2035

Saul and the Evil Spirit from the Lord (circa 1013? BC) 2035

David and Goliath: Battle of Elah Valley (c. 1013 BC?) 2036

Rise of David (c. 1013-1011 BC?) 2039

David’s Escape from Saul (c. 1013 BC?= ) 2042

Saul kills the Priests of Nob (c. 1013 BC?) 2045

Battle of Keilah (c. 1013 BC?) 2046

Encounter between Saul and David in the Cave of the Wild Goats (c. 1013 BC?) 2049

Abigail and Nabal (c. 1013 BC?) 2050

Encounter at the Hill of Hakilah (c. 1013 BC?) 2050

David and King Achish: Ziklag (c. 1013 BC?) 2052

Preparations for the Battle of Gilboa (c. = 1012 BC?) 2056

Witch of Endor (c. 1012 BC?) 2058

David and the Amalekites (c. 1012 BC?) 2058

David at Hebron (c. 1007 BC?) 2059

David’s Zitlag (c. 1007 BC?) 2065

The Battle of Jezreel-Gilboa and the death of Saul (1011 BC) 2066

Decapitation in the Levant, Iron Age. 2067

ISH-BOSHETH AND ABNER (1011-1= 004 BC) 2073

KING DAVID OF JUDAH (1011-100= 4 BC) 2074

Battle of the Pool of Gibeon (circa 1005 BC) 2075

Civil War (1011 to 1004 BC) 2079

KING DAVID OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL (1004-971 BC)= 2080

David becomes king of all the tribes of Israel (1004 BC) 2080

Jebusite Jerusalem and the City of David (1004 BC) 2080

The Millo (“Stepped-Stone Structure) of David’s Jerusalem (1004-971= BC) 2093

Debates about the Stepped-Stone Structure (1004-971 BC) 2102

Red-Slip Ware. 2104

Proto-ionic Capital 2110

History of the Stepped-Stone Structure. PAGEREF _Toc275794918 \h 2110

David’s Palace (1004-971 BC) 2116

Amarna Letters and the City of David (1004-971 BC) 2123

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE WATER DELIVERY SYSTEM... <= !--[if supportFields]> PAGEREF _Toc275794921 \h 2129

Gihon Spring Water Supply and Warren Shaft Systems (1900 to 1700 BC, 701 BC) 2137

DAVID’S CONQUEST OF JER= USALEM (c. 1004 BC)2157

David’s School of Scribes (1004-971 BC) 2158

Ark of the Covenant (1004-971 BC) 2160

Battles of Baal Perazim and Valley of Rephaim (c. 1003 BC) 2161

David’s Prayer 2163

Completion of the Conquest of the Promised Land (c.1003-963 BC) 2164

Damascus (c.1003-963 BC) 2166

Dor (c.1003-963 BC) 2166

Edom (c.1003-963 BC) 2173

Ekron (c.1003-963 BC) 2188

Gath (c.1003-963 BC) 2193

Geshur (c.1003-963 BC) 2199

Northern Geshur (c.1003-963 BC) 2199

Mitham Leviah of the Northern Geshur (c.1003-963 BC) 2202

Tel Soreq of Northern Geshur(c.10= 03-963 BC) 2203

Tel Hadar of Northern Geshur (c.1003-963 BC) 2206

Southern Geshur 2212

Tel 'En-Gev (c.1003-963 BC) 2212

Gov or Sha’arayim (Khirbet Qeiyafa, c 1003-963 BC) of the Southern Gesher= 2214

Megiddo (c.1003-963 BC) 2218

Alternative Theory for Megiddo VI. 2222

Moab (c.1003-963 BC) 2224

Zobah (c.1003-963 BC) 2228

Ammonites (c.1003-963 BC) 2228

Battle of Rabbah (c.1003-963 BC) 2230

Battle of Helam (c.1003-963 BC) 2231

David and Bathsheba (C1004-971 BC) 2232

“House of David": Inscription at Tel Dan. 2232

"House of David" In the Mesha Stela. PAGEREF _Toc275794951 \h 2240

"David" inscription in Egypt 2243

THE REVOLT OF ABSALOM (circa = 975 BC) 2246

Battle of the Forest of Ephriam (circa 975 BC) 2249

DAVID'S RETURN TO JERUSALEM A= ND SHEBA'S REVOLT (circa 975 BC) 2254

King David's Tomb (971 BC) 2254

SOLOMON (971-931 BC) 2256

Adonijah. 2256

Power Consolidation (971 BC) 2258

Pharaoh’s Unnamed Daughter (970-960 BC) 2259

SOLOMON'S ARCHITECTURAL ACHIE= VEMENTS IN JERUSALEM2264

Solomon's Jerusalem.. 2264

Water system.. 2275

Tombs. 2276

Tell el-Armana letters. 2277

Pottery. 2277

THE TEMPLE MOUNT. 2280

Solomon’s Temple, The First Temple (971 BC) 2287

Nehemiah’s Temple, The Second Temple (520-516 BC) 2288

Seleucid-Addition (186 BC) 2292

Hasmonean Extenstion (141 BC) 2293

Herod’s Temple and Expansion (20 BC) 2296

SOLOMON’S TEMPLE.. 2301

Location of the Temple= . 2306

Beit Yahweh Ostracon and Solomon's Temple. PAGEREF _Toc275794975 \h 2318

Temple Furnishings. 2319

Location of the Ark in the Temple. 2328

Ezekiel's Plan of the Temple. 2335

Temple Depicted on Ossuary and Coins. PAGEREF _Toc275794979 \h 2335

Parallels to Solomon's Temple. 2336

Hazor Phoenician Temple. 2336

'Ain Dara, Syria. 2339

Ta'yinet (Ta'aynat) Temple, Syria. 2342

Theology and Political Theory of the Temple. PAGEREF _Toc275794984 \h 2346

SOLOMON'S ARCHITECTURAL ACHIE= VEMENTS OUTSIDE JERUSALEM... 2346

Monumental Gateways at Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer 2346

Beer-Sheba of Solomon. 2351

Beth Shemesh of Solomon. 2352

Cabul of Solomon. 2358

Gezer of Solomon. 2360

Hazor of Solomon. 2367

10^th Century Tripartite Buildings at Hazor 2373

Heshbon of Solomon and the Ammonites (c. 970-930 BC) 2376

Lachish of the United Monarchy (c. 1043-931 BC) 2378

Megiddo of Solomon (c. 971-931 BC) 2382

SOLOMON'S STABLES AND TRIPART= ITE BUILDINGS. 2388

Tripartite Building at Tel Hadar 2393

9^th and 10^th century Tripartite buildings at Megiddo. 2396

Common Features of Tripartite Buildings. PAGEREF _Toc275794999 \h 2400

SOLOMON'S GOLD.. 2405

Ophir 2420

QUEEN OF SHEBA.. 2421

Country of Sheba. 2424

The Sabaeans. 2426

Sheba the Queen. 2426

Religion at Sheba. 2427

Commerce and Sheba. 2430

Philosophy and Theology2437

C= HAPTER 17: THE PSALMS AND PROVERBS

1043-931 BC

CANAANITE PSALMS. 2271

Psalm 29: Canaanite or Hebrew?. 2272

DAVID AS AUTHOR OF PSALMS. 2275

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 2277

Harp and Lyre (Hebrew Nevel and Ki= nnor) 2277

Pipe (Hebrew Halil) 2281

Horns. 2282

Castanets of Pottery Rattles. 2282

Sistrum and Cymbals. 2282

Trumpets. 2283

Shofar 2284

Bells (Hebrew Pa’amon) 2286

Tambourine or timbrel 2288

Drum (Hebrew tov) and Membraphone (Hebrew tof) 2289

Zither 2289

Triangle. 2289

Dulcimer 2291

MUSIC OF THE TEMPLE.. 2293

TRANSLATION OF ME'OD IN PSALM= S 46 AND 78 AND THE EBLA TABLETS. 2294

TEARS AND THE BELLY: PSALM 31= . 2295

REPETITIONS IN PSALMS SEEN TO= BE ANCIENT POETIC PATTERN.. 2295

PROVERBS. 2295

Sumerian Proverbs. 2296

Ugaritic Proverbs. 2296

Phonician Proverbs. 2297

Egyptian Proverbs. 2297

Instructions of Amenemope2297

Instructions of Ankhsheshonq. 2299

CHAPTER 18: EARLY DIVIDED KINGDOM

(931-841 BC)

Overview of the Divided Kingdoms. 2308

REHOBOAM OF JUDAH (931-913 BC= ) 2317

JEROBOAM I OF ISRAEL (931-910= BC) 2323

Dan and Jeroboam I. 2330

Dor of Jeroboam I before Shishak (Shesonq I, 945-924 BC) 2337

SHISHAK I (Sheshonq I, Shoshenq I), KING OF EGYPT. 2338

Shishak’s Invasion of Palestine (926 BC) 2338

Arad, level 11. 2341

’Ain el‑Qudeirat 2344

Kuntillet ’Ajrud2345

Lachish. 2346

Mesudat Nahal Aqrav. 2348

Tell’Ain Qudeis. 2348

Tell el‑Kheleifeh. 2350

Shishak's Victory Stele at Karnak. 2350

Shishak's Victory Stele at Megiddo. 2355

ABIJAH (ABIJAM) OF JUDAH (913= -911 BC) 2358

ASA OF JUDAH (911-870 BC) 2359

Battle of Mareshal (Marisa), 897 BC.. PAGEREF _Toc275795550 \h 2360

Alliance with Aram (Syria) against Baash of Israel (896 BC) 2360

Asa and Mizpah (911-873 BC) 2366

Mizpah and the Old Testament 2369

Asa and Lachish (908-867 BC) 2369

NADAB OF ISRAEL (910-909 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 2371

BAASHA OF ISRAEL (909-886 BC)= 2372

ELAH OF ISRAEL (886-885 BC) 2374

ZIMRI OF ISRAEL (885) 2374

TIBNI OF ISRAEL (885-880 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 2375

OMRI OF ISRAEL (885-874 BC) 2375

Omri's capital at Tirzah (885-874 BC) 2376

Omri and Ahab: Ivory Palaces of Samaria (880-853 BC) 2377

Omri and Ahab: Samaritan Building Activity in Samaria (880-853 BC) 2383

Invasion of the western states by Ashurnasirpal of Assyria 876 BC.. 2388

Assyrian Brutality. 2388

Invasion of the western states by Ashurnasirpal of Assyria 876 BC (continued) 2399

Moab, Kings of Israel and the Mesha inscription ("Moabite Stone") 2399

Domination of Moab by Omri of Israel (885-874 BC) 2405

Domination of Moab by Ahab of Israel (874-853 BC) 2405

Hazor Under Omri and Ahab. 2405

Omri's Tomb (874 BC)= 2416

AHAB THE MILITARY LEADER OF S= AMARIA (874-853 BC)2422

Ahab’s Samaria (874-853 BC) 2423

Ahab’s Dor After Shishak (Post-926 BC; Ahab, 874-853 BC) 2424

Phoenician Ma'agam Micha’el Shipwreck. PAGEREF _Toc275795575 \h 2428

Ahab's Gate at Dor (874-853 BC) 2433

Ahab’s Building Activities Outside of Samaria. 2437

Ahab’s Meggido (874-853 BC) 2437

Ahab at Hazor (874-853 BC) 2444

Ahab at Dan (874-853 BC) 2445

Ahab and Ben-Hadad King of Aram (Syria) 2449

Battles of Samaria and Aphek (856-855 BC) 2449

Ahab and Shalmeneser III of Assyria. PAGEREF _Toc275795583 \h 2451

Battle of Qarqar (853 BC) 2451

THE PHOENICIANS. 2454

Blue and Purple Dye of Antiquity. PAGEREF _Toc275795586 \h 2456

Phoenician Canaanites. 2461

Phoenician Ashkelon. 2462

Phoenician Ashdod. 2464

Phoenician Ekron. 2465

Olive Oil Manufacturing at Ekron. PAGEREF _Toc275795591 \h 2475

Phoenician Tyre. 2477

Jezabel and Phoenician Religious Influences (874-853 BC) 2485

AHAB, FAMINE AND ELIJAH (874-= 853 BC) 2489

JEHOSHAPHAT OF JUDAH (873-843= BC) 2489

Ahab, Jehoshaphat and the First Battle for Ramoth-Gilead (853 BC) 2491

Judicial and Religious Reforms of Jehoshaphat (873-848 BC) 2492

AHAZIAH OF ISRAEL (853-854 BC) 2493

Jehoshaphat and Ahaziah Ship Building Venture (852 BC) 2496

Jehosophat of Judah and the Moabite-Ammonite-Meunite Coalition (851 BC) 2498

JEHORAM (JORAM) OF JUDAH (853= -841 BC) 2499

JORAM (JEHORAM) OF ISRAEL (85= 2-841 BC) 2504

Joram, Elisha, Elijah and Syria (845 BC) 2506

Mesha Stele and the Moab-Israelite War (846 BC) 2507

Yahweh in the Mesha Stele. 2509

Chemosh in the Mesha Stele. 2509

Israelite-conquered Towns of the Mesha Stele. 2509

Dibon (Dhiban) in the Mesha stele. PAGEREF _Toc275795608 \h 2510

Sheep Industry in the Mesha Stele. PAGEREF _Toc275795609 \h 2512

Kiriathaim (Kirjathaim) in the Mesha Stele. PAGEREF _Toc275795610 \h 2513

Ataroth in the Mesha Stele. 2514

Nebo in the Mesha Stele. 2515

Jahaz in the Mesha Stele. 2518

Aroer in the Mesha Stele. 2518

Beth Bamoth in the Mesha Stele. 2519

Bezer in the Mesha Stele. 2520

Medeba (Madaba) in the Mesha Stele. PAGEREF _Toc275795617 \h 2520

Diblaten in the Mesha Stele. 2520

Horanaim in the Mesha Stele. 2520

AHAZIAH OF JUDAH (842-841 BC)= 2524

Ahaziah of Judah, Joram of Israel and the Second Battle of Ramoth-Gilead (842 BC) 2524

THE COUP OF GENERAL JEHU (841= BC) 2528

Jezreel 2530

Jezreel Pottery and Megiddo. 2534

Massacre of Joram’s family. 2536

C= HAPTER 19: LATE DIVIDED KINGDOM

(= 841-722 BC)

JEHU OF ISRAEL (842-841 BC) 2549

Jehu and Hazael of Damascus. 2551

SHALMANESER III (859-824 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 2552

Assyria's Second Expedition to Palestine (841 BC) 2552

Cabul and Shalmaneser III (859-824 BC) 2559

QUEEN ATHALIAH OF JUDAH (841-= 835 BC) 2561

JOASH (JEHOASH, YEHOASH) OF J= UDAH (835-796 BC)2563

JEHOAHAZ OF ISRAEL (814-798 B= C) 2568

Adad-nirari III of Assyria (803 BC) 2568

JEHOASH (JOASH) OF ISRAEL (79= 8-782 BC) 2571

Defeat of Ben-Hadad III (c. 800 BC) 2572

Defeat of Jehoash of Israel by Adad-Narari III of Assyria (796 BC) 2576

AMAZIAH OF JUDAH (796-767 BC)= 2577

Invasion of Edom and the fortress of Sela/Petra (793 BC) 2580

War with Jehoash of Israel: Battle of Beth-shemesh (c. 767 BC) 2587

Beth Shemesh of king Amaziah or king Uzziah. 2589

JEROBOAM II OF ISRAEL (783-75= 3 BC, or 774-748 BC) 2591

Dan of Jeroboam II (782-753 BC) 2594

Samaritan Ostraca of Jeroboam II. 2597

JONAH (c. 785-770 BC) 2598

UZZIAH (AZARIAH) OF JUDAH (79= 2-740 BC or 767-739 BC) 2600

Uzziah’s Army. 2607

Uzziah’s Elath. 2610

Uzziah in the Negev2610

Uzziah’s Leprosy. 2612

Seals from Uzziah’s court 2613

Uzziah Inscription. 2614

Beth Shemesh of king Uzziah (or king Amaziah) 2615

Uzziah and the City of Salt (Iron Age II, 1000-586 BC.. 2615

Uzziah’s Megiddo and Hazor 2628

AMOS (c. 765-755 BC) AND HOSE= A (c. 755-712 BC) 2631

ZECHARIAH OF ISRAEL (753 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 2634

SHALLUM OF ISRAEL (752 BC) 2634

MENAHEM OF ISRAEL (752-742 BC= ) 2636

PEKAHIAH OF ISRAEL (742-740 B= C.. 2640

JOTHAM OF JUDAH (750-732) 2642

PEKAH (PEQAH) OF ISRAEL (740-= 732) 2644

Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 BC) and Pekah. PAGEREF _Toc275795750 \h 2644

Attack on Media and Urartu (c. 733 BC) 2646

Attack of Philistia (c. 733 BC) 2648

Attack of Damascus (c. 733 BC) 2648

Attack of Hattina (738 BC) 2648

Attack of Samaria (c. 733 BC) 2651

Attack of Cabul (740-732 BC) 2656

Attack of Hazor (C. 733 BC) 2659

Hazor Water System2663

Attack of Dan (C. 733 BC) 2665

Attack of Dor (740-732 BC) 2673

Overthrow of Pekah by Tiglath-piler III (732 BC) 2675

AHAZ OF JUDAH (735-716 BC) 2677

Edom and Philistia Revolt against Ahaz. PAGEREF _Toc275795763 \h 2678

First Isaiah and Ahaz (739 to 690? BC) 2683

The Judean-Assyrian Alliance: Ahaz and Tiglath-pileser III (745-727 BC) 2684

TIGLATH-PILESER III AND PHARA= OH IUPUT II (745-715 BC) 2689

ASSYRIAN DEPORTATION POLICY A= ND THE SAMARITANS. 2689

HOSHEA "KING" OF IS= RAEL (732-722 BC)2690

Shalmaneser V (727-722 BC), t= he fall of Shechem (727 BC) and Samaria (722 BC) 2691

SARGON II (722-705 BC) 2700

Second Battle of Qarqar (720 BC) 2707

Sargon II's Brutality (722-705 BC) 2712

ASSYRIAN REBUILDING PROGRAMS = (722-650 BC) 2719

Assyrian Hazor 2720

Assyrian Ashdod. 2722

C= HAPTER 20: JUDAH ALONE

(= 722-586 BC)

HEZEKIAH OF JUDAH (729-686 BC= ) 2731

Revival (715-716 BC)2731

Jar Handels, Seals and Bullae. 2731

The lmlk Stamps (715-686 BC) 2732

Shebnayahu, the Royal Steward of Hezekiah. PAGEREF _Toc275796879 \h 2742

Passover 2744

Reforms at selected sites. 2748

Reforms at Beer-Sheba (715 BC) 2748

Reforms at Hazor (715 BC) 2753

Reform of the Nachushtan (Bronze Serpent) 2757

Hezekiah’s Palace and Portrait at Ramat Rehel 2764

Revolts against Assyria (712-705 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 2769

Phoenician Ekron under the Assyrians. 2780

SENNACHERIB (705-681 BC) 2787

The two invasions of Sennacherib: 701 and 688 BC.. 2792

Assyrian Siege Tactics (883-627 BC) 2794

1) Ladders. 2797

2) Penetration of City Wall or City Gate:&nbs= p; Wheeled and Armored Battering Ram.. 2799

3. Wall undermining. 2801

4. Attrittion. 2802

5. Medical Practices. 2805

The First Western Campaign of Sennacherib (701 BC) 2806

Destruction of Beer-Sheba (701 BC) 2806

Destruction of Beth Shemesh (701 BC) 2807

Destruction of Rimmon (Tel Halif), (701 BC) 2811

First Siege of Lachish (701 BC) 2822

Sennacherib's Envoys to Jerusalem (701 or 688 BC) 2835

First Siege of Jerusalem (701 BC) 2835

Sennacherib’s Postponed Attack and the diversion of Merfodach-baladan the Chaldean (704-7= 02 BC) 2838

Jerusalem Defenses (701-688 BC); Preparation for the Second Siege. 2842

Jerusalem Water Supply Systems (701-688 BC) 2854

Hezekiah’s Tunnel 2859

Unconsummated Alliance with Merodach-baladen of Elam (700 BC) 2874

Hezekiah's Last Days of Prosperity (?690-687 BC) 2875

Gibeon (700-586 BC)2876

Second Seige of Lachish (688) BC and the Assyrian Siege Ramp. 2880

Second Siege of Jerusalem (688 BC) and the death of Hezekiah (686 BC) 2883

Tirhaka (Taharqa) of Ethiopia. 2883

Esharhaddon of Assyria and Hezekiah (681-669 BC) 2884

Ashurbanipal II (669-633 BC) 2887

Critique of the two-attack theory. 2893

MANASSEH OF JUDAH (686-642 BC= ) 2895

Esarhaddon. 2899

Manasseh after Esarhaddon. 2899

Ashurbanipal II. 2900

Pharaoh Psamtik I (664-610 BC) and Necho II (610-595 BC) 2901

AMON OF JUDAH (634-641 BC) 2904

The Edomite Invasion. 2904

Fortress at Horvat ‘Uza. 2910

Fortress at Arad. 2912

Israelite Tel ‘Ira. 2914

JUDEAN NEGEV FORTRESSES. 2917

JOSIAH OF JUDAH (641-609 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 2920

Josiah’s Dor (630-600 BC) 2921

Scythian Invasion (626 BC) 2925

Revolt in Babylonia (626 BC) 2928

Josiah's Reforms (628-621 BC) 2929

'En Hitzeva of Edom and Josiah's reforms (628-621 BC) 2932

Josiah’s Reforms in Jerusalem (628-621 BC) 2939

Seals and Bullae of Josiah's Administrators (628-621 BC) 2939

Asaiah. 2939

Azariah, son of Hilkiah. 2940

Hanan, son of Hilkiyahu. 2940

Nathan-melech. 2941

Silver scrolls of Ketef Hinon (7th century BC) 2941

Assyrian-Egyptian Alliance (612 BC) 2943

Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) 2943

Battle of Haran (610 BC) 2944

Nahum's Prophecy against Nineveh. 2944

Zephaniah's Prophecy against Nineveh. 2945

Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) 2945

JEHOAHAZ II OF JUDAH (609 BC)= 2951

JEHOIAKIM OF JUDAH (609-598 B= C) 2951

Jeremiah and Baruch. 2952

The Neo- Babylonians (609-538 BC) 2953

Arabah (Aravah) Valley (the valley south of the Dead Sea) and Jordan River Valley<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'>. 2959

Beer-sheba Valley. 2960

Central Judah. 2962

Dan, at the source of the Jordan River 2962

Ein Gedi on shore of the Dead Sea. PAGEREF _Toc275796954 \h 2964

Jezreel Valley. 2966

Philistia: 2968

Northern Sites. 2971

Mediterranean Coast 2973

Iron Arrowheads and the Neo Babylonian Destructions. 2973

Battle of Carchemish and Nebuchadnezzar II (605 BC) 2974

JEHOIAKIM AFTER THE NEO-BABYL= ONIANS (609-597 BC)2974

Battle of Ashkelon (604 BC) 2976

Judah’s Surrender of 603 BC.. 2982

Babylonian defeat of 601/600 BC and Judean revolt 2982

Babylonian Siege and First Fall of Jerusalem (601-597 BC) 2983

Third Battle of Lachich (600-601 or 597-586 BC) 2986

Lachish Letters (c 589 BC) 2986

Fall of Lachish (586 BC) 2989

JEHOIACHIN OF JUDAH (598-597 = BC) 2989

ZEDEKIAH (MATTANIAH) OF JUDAH (597-568 BC)2992

Revolts of Ammon and Judah. 2993

Second Babylonian Siege of Jerusalem.. PAGEREF _Toc275796972 \h 2998

Gemariah the Scribe of Jeremiah. 3001

Royal Rosettes as replacements for the lmlk stamps. 3002

Escape and Capture of Zedekiah. 3008

CHAPTER 21: THE EXILE AND PERSIAN PER= IODS

(= 586-350 BC)

GOVERNER GEDALIAH (586 BC) 3017

Mizpah of the Exile Period 3022

ISMAEL THE ASSASSIN (586 BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 3026

NEO-BABYLONIAN POLICY.. 3026

JERHEMIAH: LAST DAYS. 3026

Nebo-Sarsekim (July 18, 587 B= C) 3026

Nergal-Sharezer (July 18, 587= BC) 3027

Exodus to Egypt (586 BC) 3028

Queen of Heaven (586 BC) 3028

EZEKIEL (593-559 BC) 3032

Ezekiel in Jerusalem (6= 09 BC) 3033

Ezekiel in Tel-abib near Baby= lon 3034

Ezekiel’s Chronology 3036

DANIEL (605-536 BC) 3039

Dreams in Babylonian Culture<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 3040

Furnaces in Babylon 3041

Splendor of Nebuchadnezzar= 217;s Babylon 3042

Dream of the Tree and Nebuchadnezzar’s Madness 3046

EVIL-MERODACH 562-560 BC.. 3046

THE RISE OF THE PERSIANS. 3047

Nabonidus 556-546 BC   3048

Tema (Tayma) 3052

Belshazzar 553-546 BC   3055

The Handwriting on the Wall (546 BC) 3057

Cyrus the Great of Persia (55= 9-530 BC) 3057

Cyrus and Second Isaiah. 3061

The Cyrus Cylinder (550-530 BC) 3063

THEOLOGY AND NATURE OF THE EX= ILE.. 3064

Nippur (5TH century BC) 3066

Elephantine (407 BC) 3068

END OF EXILE AND RETURN TO JU= DEA.. 3070

Persian Policies 3073

Palestine Under the Persians. 3074

Judah at the Return of the Exiles<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'>. 3075

DARIUS THE MEDE (Gubaru? Alte= rnative spelling Gobras?; 539-525 BC) 3075

CAMBYSES II (530-522 BC) 3075

DARIUS THE GREAT (520-485 BC,= or 522-486 BC) 3077

Daniel and Darius (520-485 BC= , or 522-486 BC) 3082

BOOK OF ESTHER (becomes queen= in 478 BC) 3083

Canonical Controversy 3083

Historical Background to Este= r (485-465 BC) 3084

Application to the Ester Stor= y 3086

Jewish rebellions during the = reign of Xerxes (486-464 BC) 3090

PERSIA AFTER XERXES (456-332 BC) 3090

Artaxerxes I (465-424 BC) 3090

EZRA (458-440? BC) AND NEHEMI= AH (445-420? BC)= 3091

BUILDING ACTIVITY IN PERSIAN = PERIOD (587-332 BC) 3093

Persian Road Building 3095

Rebuilding of Jerusalem (520-= 516 BC) 3096

Rebuilding of the Wall (c. 446 BC) 3098

Rebuilding of the Temple (516 BC) 3106

Size of Jerusalem in the Persian Period (587-332 BC) 3106

NEHEMIAH’S RETURN TO PE= RSIA AND JERUSALEM (432 BC) 3113

JUDAHISM AFTER RECONSTRUCTION= .. 3113

Lachish of the Exile Period 3114

Aramaic Ostraca and Israelite= Temple at Maqqedah (4th century BC)<= span style=3D'color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen'> 3117

THE RISE OF THE GREEKS. 3118

From Macedonia to Palestine&#= 8230;…………………………= ………………………...3118

Egypt………= 230;…………………………&= #8230;…………………………= ;…………….3119

Gaugamela………= ;…………………………R= 30;…………………………&#= 8230;………3119

India………= 230;…………………………&= #8230;…………………………= ;……………..3119

=

=